Genetic abnormalities in cattle (review)

Abstract

Intensive livestock breeding programs have led to a significant increase in livestock products production. However, in general, the positive process of the global distribution of individual breeds, lines, and even genotypes of individual producers has a negative side. On the one hand, many populations are declining or disappearing, which has significantly narrowed the diversity of animal genetic resources and led to “genetic impoverishment”.
On the other hand, the conditions of keeping and feeding animals are radically changing; fundamentally new technologies for obtaining products are being used. These internal and external changes can lead to an increase in genomic chromosomal mutations, which are the results
of the manifestation of the ability of the cell and the organism as a whole to respond to various factors. Changes in the structure of chromosomes can occur spontaneously or be caused by mutation, while the control of mutability is a function of the genome as a whole. For Russia, the inclusion of transnational livestock industries in Russian agriculture creates the danger of reducing its own genetic resources, increasing the genetic burden, as well as the threat of global spread of hidden genetic defects. It follows the ever-increasing importance of studying chromosomal and genomic changes and recording the consequences of mutational effects. The study of various karyotypic abnormalities, the frequency of their occurrence, the identification of individuals with genetic defects, and their elimination from the reproductive system will reduce the frequency of reproductive disorders, as well as abnormalities, which are considered as economically important traits, not only in the tested animals, but also in their offspring. This article presents a review of modern foreign and Russian scientific literature on genetic abnormalities in cattle of different breeds, considers the main and most common chromosomal disorders, which are related to a decrease in reproductive traits, and makes an
attempt to justify the need for mass cytogenetic control of animals.