JUSTIFICATION OF FIELD CROP TECHNOLOGY

Abstract

In the present article, an overview of current world trends in crop production is made, the essence of the processes occurring in the soil with various methods of its treatment is revealed, which was the purpose of the published work. The change in economic conditions is caused by a change in economic, social, soil and climatic factors. The current trends in crop production are presented. It is indicated that energy-saving technologies are based on a narrow specialization of farms, the introduction of new widely gripping equipment, combined tools and units, a reduction in the number of technological operations in the field, and the logistics of optimal routes for vehicles and products. In this case, it is necessary to use new adapted, high-yielding varieties and hybrids, their varietal agro-techniques, as well as the substitution of soil mechanical treatments with the use of herbicides if necessary. The transition period from traditional to energy-saving technologies includes leveling fields (2-3 years), the accumulation of mulch in the upper soil level (2-3 years or more), the elimination of weediness (3-4 years), the introduction of crop rotation suitable for market relations and providing biological sanitation of fields from weeds and pests without herbicides. The advantage of the energy-saving technology (“No-till”) is saving fuel (16-18 l/hectare), saving time (up to 3 passes of machinery per year), saving labor costs, increasing the content of soil nitrogen and organic matter in the soil, preserving its structure, prevention of water and wind erosion, leveling changes in soil temperatures during day and night hours. The development of technology reduces the number and germination of weeds, pollution of water sources. The proposed technology provides for the saturation of the upper layer with organic matter by leaving and embedding plant residues in the aerated soil layer to a depth of 8-10 cm, periodic (every 3-4 years) destruction of the soil sole and decompaction of the soil to a depth of 50-60 cm. Due to the decrease in the number of organic fertilizers on farms, there is currently no alternative to mulch.